Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Jr. to speak at 2004 CJEC Banquet

Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Jr.
Department of Chemical Engineering
Case Western Reserve University
A.W. Smith, Room 124A
Cleveland, OH 44106
Work Phone: (216) 368-5547: FAX: (216) 368-0953; email: taz5@po.cwru.edu

Thomas Zawodzinski is presently the F. Alex Nason Professor of Engineering at CWRU and Director of the Case Advanced Power Institute. His research group focuses on the fundamental science and application of fuel cells. Research includes efforts related to the he understanding and development of high temperature membranes for fuel cells as well as on catalysis and durability issues in fuel cells.

Dr. Zawodzinski is the former Team Leader for Fuel Cells in MST-11 at LANL. This group has a world-wide reputation as a premier fuel cell research group. He carried out research at LANL in the area of polymer electrolyte fuel cells for 13 years. As Team Leader, Dr. Zawodzinski served as the technical and programmatic leader of a comprehensive fuel cell program with R&D components related to automotive, stationary and portable power applications of PEM and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. He was also a member of the PNGV Technical Team on Fuel Cells. The Tech Team, consisting of DOE technical experts and program managers as well as representatives of the automakers, serves to set goals and targets for the PNGV/DOE activities related to fuel cells. Dr. Zawodzinski continues to play a leadership role in the PEM fuel cell community through his technical leadership.

For the past several years, he led the LANL team optimizing reformate/air fuel cells, for which he received the DOE Fuel Cell Award in 1999. That project is devoted to improving the cathode structure to enhance mass transport and electrocatalytic activity and to demonstrating enhanced impurity tolerance. He has published extensively on transport properties of membranes for fuel cells and other devices. He has also published on modeling and experimental work related to membrane, cathode and anode function in reformate/air fuel cells. Dr. Zawodzinski leads a new project on the development of new polymeric membranes that operate at T > 120oC and is the national coordinator of DOE’s program in that area. Other activities include projects devoted to elucidating fundamental mechanisms of transport in proton conducting membranes, development of new types of chemical sensors, the development and understanding of electroresponsive polymer systems and the development of novel device structures using self-assembly chemistry. Dr. Zawodzinski received his Ph.D. in Analytical/Physical chemistry from SUNY/Buffalo in 1989. His thesis work, under the supervision of Prof. Robert Osteryoung, dealt with physical and chemical studies of ambient temperature ionic liquids.

Major Accomplishments

1. First description, using complete set of relevant experimental data, of water balance in PEM fuel cells.
2. Development of understanding and methods leading to improvement of CO tolerance in fuel cells by two orders of magnitude.
3. Development of innovative new method (Electrophoretic NMR) for the study of transport processes in electrolytes.
4. Development of new approach to chemical sensing of vapors (chemical warfare agents) or with chemistry using air-borne reagents (enzyme-based sensors, including glucose sensors)
5. First demonstration of multi-functional self assembled monolayer device.

Summary of Areas of Expertise
Transport and electrochemistry in energy conversion and storage devices; NMR spectroscopy and imaging, electrochemistry, and transport/structure-property relationships in polymer electrolytes; Self-assembly chemistry; Room-temperature chloroaluminate molten salts.

Current Research Activities

• Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells:
  Team Leader for comprehensive program on polymer electrolyte and direct methanol fuel cells; Experimental work on transport in ionomeric materials;
• Polymer Electrolytes for Lithium Batteries
  Principal investigator on ongoing study of transport in lithium conducting electrolytes.
• Composite Electrodes for Energy Conversion and Storage Devices
  Principal investigator on ongoing project aimed at understanding fundamental aspects of composite electrodes.
• Electrochemical Sensors for Chemical Agents
  Principal investigator on ongoing project aimed at developing new types of electrochemical sensors for detection of chemical agents, especially for ‘first responders.’
• Fundamental Studies of Transport Processes in Proton-Conducting Polymer Electrolytes
  Principal investigator on ongoing project aimed at understanding fundamental aspects of proton conduction and coupled processes in fuel cell membranes. Work involves combined theoretical and experimental work. Computation from ab initio electronic structure calculations up to statistical mechanical models is used to understand transport in Nafion and related membranes. Very high frequency dielectric studies are applied to these membranes.

Other Recent Research Activities

• Artificial Muscles
  Principal investigator on ongoing project aimed at understanding and developing new types of contractile and flexural artificial muscles based on polymer electrolytes.
• Light Emitting Electrochemical Cells
  Co-investigator on ongoing project aimed at understanding transport in light emitting electrochemical cells made from polymer blends.
• Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Electrolyte Solutions
  Co-investigator on ongoing project aimed at understanding fundamental aspects of dielectric relaxation processes in solvents and electrolytes using THz spectroscopy.
• Biosensors/Bioreactors:
  Principal investigator on research and development of enzyme-based electrochemical sensors, including development of novel electrode structures; application of biosensors to study metabolic rates of mammalian tumor cells, development of ultramicroelectrode biosensors for application in physiological studies; ongoing development of biosensors for chemical and biological warfare agents; NMR imaging of transport in Hollow Fiber Bioreactors.
• Multifunctional Self-assembled Monolayers:
  Principal investigator in project (through FY1998) aimed at developing multifunctional self-assembled monolayers containing several intercommunicating components, including electron-transfer mediators and biomolecules; studies of factors affecting rates of electron transfer between biomolecules and electrodes or mediators; co-investigator on on-going project aimed at understanding self-assembly; scanning force microscopy on patterned SAM samples--understanding tip/sample interactions, surface segregation effects in SAMs. Later studies focused on using self-assembly methods to prepare devices.

Education and Training
Ph.D. ‘Spectroscopic and NMR studies of ambient temperature ionic liquids.’
B. A. in Chemistry and Cell/Molecular Biology, both SUNY/Buffalo

Society Memberships
Electrochemical Society, Energy Technology division Member-at-Large
American Chemical Society
International Solid Polymer Electrolyte Meeting, Scientific Advisory Committee
Member of PNGV Tech Team for Fuel Cells

Symposium Organizing

• American Chemical Society, PMSE Division, Symposium on ‘Polymers for Energy’, Denver National Meeting, Spring 1991.
• American Chemical Society, PMSE Division, Symposium on ‘Polymers for Batteries, Fuel Cells and Ultracapacitors’, Anaheim National Meeting, Spring 1999.
• Electrochemical Society, Symposium on ‘Processes at Polymer Interfaces,’ ECS Montreal Meeting, Spring 1997.
• Electrochemical Society, Symposium on ‘Sensors for Energy Systems,’ ECS Meeting, Toronto, Spring 2000.
• Electrochemical Society, Symposium on ‘Direct Methanol Fuel Cells,’ ECS Meeting, Washington, Fall 2000.
• Electrochemical Society, Symposium on ‘Fuel Cells and Conducting Polymers,’ Joint ECS/ISE Meeting, San Francisco, Spring 2001.
• Principal organizer of Int’l Symposium on Polymer Electrolytes to be held Santa Fe, 2002.
• Organizer of Fuel Cell Membrane Symposium for AIChE, Spring 2002.
• Co-chair of Fuel Cell Gordon conference, 2002.
• Discussion Leader, Fuel Cell Gordon Conference, 2001.

Invited/Plenary Talks (Sampling)

• Gordon Research Conference on Ion-Containing Polymers. 1993, "Polymer Electolytes for Fuel Cells."
• Gordon Research Conference on Solid State Ionics, 1997, "Transport in Lithium Battery Polymers."
• Gordon Research Conference on Fuel Cells, 1999, "The Membrane/Electrode Assembly and "Practical Electrocatalysis" in the Fuel Cell."
• Workshop on ‘Electroactive Membranes: From Fundamentals to Applications’, February 1999, Monte Verita, Switzerland.
• International Solid Polymer Electrolyte Meeting, Noosa, Australia, August 2000.
• International Meeting on ‘Interfacial Phenomena in Batteries’, Rome, Italy, December 1999.
• ISCRE, Houston, TX,
• TMS/AMS Annual Meeting, Schenectady, NY
• Fuel Cells 2001, Luzern, Switzerland
• Electrochem 2001, Loughborough, UK

Refereed Publications
Dr. Zawodzinski is author or co-author of 4 of the 25 most cited research papers in the PEM fuel cell area.

1. S. Paddison. L. R. Pratt, and T. Zawodzinski, “Variation of the Dissociation Constant of Triflic Acid with Hydration”, J. Phys. Chem A. 105, 6266, (2001).
2. S. Paddison. R. Paul, and T. Zawodzinski, “Proton Friction and Diffusion Coefficients in Hydrated Polymer Electrolyte Membranes: Computations with a Non-equilibrium Statistical Mechanical Model” J. Phys. Chem A., in press.
3. H. J. Walls and T. Zawodzinski, “Anion and Cation Transference Numbers Determined by Elecrophoretic NMR of Polymer Electrolytes Sum to Unity” Electrochem. Sol. St. Letters, 3, 321, (2000).
4. T. E. Springer, T. Rockward, T. Zawodzinski and S. Gottesfeld, “Model for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Operation on Reformate Feed: Effects of CO, H2 dilution and high fuel utilization” J. Electrochem. Soc.147, 6266, (2001).
5. S. Paddison. G. Bender, K. D. Kreuer, N. Nicoloso and T. Zawodzinski, “The Microwave Region of the Dielectric Spectrum of Hydrated Nafion and other Sulfonated Membranes” J. New Matls. Electrochem. Sys., 3, 291, (2000).
6. S.J. Paddison, R. Paul, and T.A. Zawodzinski Jr., in "Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells II", S. Gottesfeld and T.F. Fuller, Editors, PV 98-27, p. 106, The Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series, Pennington, NJ (1999).
7. S.J. Paddison, R. Paul, K.Ø. Rasmussen, N. Grønbech-Jensen, and T.A. Zawodzinski Jr., in "Polymers for Batteries and Fuel Cells", PMSE 80, p. 604, The American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. (1999).
8. S. J. Paddison, L. R. Pratt, T. A. Zawodzinski, D. W. Reagor, “Molecular Modeling of Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid for Solvation Theory” Fluid Phase Equilibria, 150, 235 (1998).
9. S. J. Paddison, T. A. Zawodzinski Jr., “Molecular Modeling of the Pendant Chain in Nafion” Solid State Ionics, 115, 333 (1998).
10. S. J. Paddison, L. R. Pratt, and T. A. Zawodzinski Jr., Conformations of Perfluoroether Sulfonic Acid Side Chains for the Modeling of Nafion” J. New Mat. Electrochem. Sys., 3, 291, 2000.
11. F., Wang, M. Hickner, Q. Ji, T.A. Zawodzinski, J.E. McGrath. “Synthesis of Highly Sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) Random (statistical) Copolymers via Direct Polymerization,” Macromol. Symp., accepted.
12. S. Paddison. R. Paul, and T. Zawodzinski, “A Statistical Mechanical Model of Proton and Water Transport in Polymer Electrolyte Membranes” J. Electrochem Soc., 147, 617 (2000).
13. A. S. Eberhardt, R. M. Nyquist, A. N. Parikh, T. A. Zawodzinski, B. I. Swanson, “Defects in Microcontact-printed and Solution-grown Self-assembled Monolayers”, Langmuir, 15 1595 (1999).
14. F. Wang, Y.S. Kim, M. Hickner, T. Zawodzinski, and J.E. McGrath,. “Synthesis and characterization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random (statistical) copolymers via direct polymerization,” J. Memb. Sci., submitted.
15. F. Wang, Y.S. Kim, M. Hickner, T. Zawodzinski, and J.E. McGrath, “Heteropolyacid/Sulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Composites for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells,” Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering 85, 520 (2001).
16. F. Wang, Y.S. Kim, M. Hickner, T. Zawodzinski, and J.E. McGrath, “Synthesis of Polyarylene Ether Block Copolymers Containing Sulfonate Groups,” Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering 85 517, (2001).
17. S. J. Paddison, L. R. Pratt, and T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., in Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells II, S. Gottesfeld and T. F. Fuller, Editors, PV 98-27, Electrochemical Society Proceedings Series, Pennington, NJ (1999), pp 99-105: "Theoretical Structure of Triflic Acid-Water Clusters and the Molecular Mechanism of Proton Dissociation."
18. H. Dai and T. Zawodzinski, "The Dependence of Lithium Transference Numbers on Temperatures, Salt Concentration and Anion Type in Poly (vinylindenefluoride)-Hexafluoropropoylene Coploymer-based Gel Electrolytes," Journal of Electroanalytical and Interfacial Electrochemistry , 459 111 (1998).
19. S. Paddison and T. Zawodzinski, "High Frequency Dielectric Studies of Hydrated Nafion," Journal of Electroanalytical and Interfacial Electrochemistry , 459, 91 (1998).
20. P. Haridoss, F. A. Uribe, F. Garzon, T. A. Zawodzinski Jr. “Structural Modifications of Mesocarbon Microbeads with Lower Temperatures of Heat Treatment”, J. Mtls. Research, 13, 2015 (1998).
21. H. Dai and T. Zawodzinski, "Determination of Lithium Ion transference Numbers by Electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 143, L107 (1996).
22. T. Springer, T. Zawodzinski, M. Wilson, S. Gottesfeld, "Characterization of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells Using AC Impedance Spectroscopy,"Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 143, 587 (1996).
23. S. Rubin, J. T. Chow, J. P. Ferraris, T. Zawodzinski, "Electrical Communication Between Components of Self-Assembled Mixed Monolayers" Langmuir, 12, 323 (1996).
24. T.A. Zawodzinski, J.R. Davey, J.A. Valerio, S. Gottesfeld, "The Water Content Dependence of Electro-osmotic Drag in Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes," Electrochimica ACTA, 40, 297 (1995).
25. T. Zawodzinski, T. Springer, F. Uribe, and S. Gottesfeld, "Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications," Solid State Ionics, 60, 199 (1993).
26. Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Jr., Shimshon Gottesfeld, Molly S. Shoichet, and Thomas J. McCarthy, "The Contact Angle Between Water and the Surface of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes," J.Appl. Electrochem., 23, 86 (1993).
27. Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Charles Derouin, Susan Radzinski, Ruth Sherman, Van Smith, Thomas E. Springer, and Shimshon Gottesfeld, "Water Uptake by and Transport Through Nafion 117 Membranes," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 140, 1041 (1993).
28. Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Thomas E. Springer, Michal Neeman, and Laurel O. Sillerud, "Diffusion Barriers in NMR Microscopy," Israel Journal of Chemistry, 32, 281 (1992).
29. S. Cleghorn, X. Ren, T. E. Springer, M. S. Wilson, C. Zawodzinski, T. A. Zawodzinski, S. Gottesfeld, “PEM Fuel Cells for Transportation and Stationary Power Generation Applications”, Intl. J. Hydrogen Energy, 22, 1137 (1997).
30. Thomas E. Springer, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Shimshon Gottesfeld, "Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model," J. Electrochem.Soc., 138, 2334 (1991).
31. I. H. Campbell, S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., J. D. Kress, R. L. Martin, D. L. Smith, J. P. Ferraris, “Controlling Schottky Energy Barriers in Organic Electronic Devices Using Self-assemlbed Monolayers”, Phys. Rev. B.-Condensed Matter, 54, 14321 (1996)
32. L. Godinez, J. Lin, M. Munoz, A. W. Coleman, S. Rubin, A. Parikh, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., D. Loveday, J. P. Ferraris (UT Dallas), A. Kaifer“Multilayer Self-assembly of Amphiphilic Cyclodextrin hosts on Bare and Modified Gold Substrates: controlling Aggregation via Surface modification”, Langmuir, 14, 137, (1998).
33. G. Bar (Germany), S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., T. N. Taylor, B. A. Swanson, J. T. Chow (UT Dallas),J. P. Ferraris (UT Dallas), “The influence of contamination on compositional imaging of self-assembled monolayers by scanning force microscopy”, Supramolecular Science, 4, 11, (1997).
34. G. Bar, S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., “Compositional Imaging of Self-Assembled Monolayers by Scanning Force Microscopy and the Influence of Friction Forces on Topographic Images”, Advanced Materials, December 1995.
35. X. Ren, T. A. Zawodzinski, T. E. Springer, S. Gottesfeld, “Methanol Transport through Nafion Membranes: Electro-osmotic Drag Effects on Potential Step Measurements”, J. Electrochem.Soc., 147, 466 (2000).
36. S. Rubin, G. Bar, R. W. Cutts, J. T. Chow, J. P. Ferraris, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., “Electrical Communication Between Glucose Oxidase and Different Ferrocenylalkanethiol Chain Lengths”, MRS Proceeding, Boston, MA, November 27 - December 1,1995.
37. G. Bar, S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., T. N. Taylor, B. A. Swanson, J. T. Chow , J. P. Ferraris “Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers of Ferrocene and Methyl Terminated Alkanethiols on Gold: A Combined Electrochemical, Scanning Probe Microscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Study”, Journal of Vacuum & Technology A, 14, 1794, (1996).
38. S. Rubin, G. Bar, T. N. Taylor, R. W. Cuts, T. A. Zawodzinski, “Novel Approach for the Preparation of Metal Colloid Monolayers on Modified Surfaces”, Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 14, 1870, (1996).
39. G. Bar, S. Rubin, A. N. Parikh, B. I. Swanson, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., M. H. Whangbo, “Scanning Force Microscopy of Patterned Monolayers of Alkanethiols on Gold. Importance of Tip-Sample Contact Area in Interpreting Force Modulation and Friction Force Microscopy Images”, Langmuir, 13, 373 (1997).
40. G. Bar, S. Rubin, T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., T. N. Taylor, B. A. Swanson, J. T. Chow , J. P. Ferraris “Patterned Self-Assembled Monolayers of Ferrocene and Methyl Terminated Alkanethiols on Gold: A Combined Electrochemical, Scanning Probe Microscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Study”, Journal of Vacuum & Technology A, 14, 1794, (1996).
41. T. A. Zawodzinski , C. Campbell, J. Davey, S. Gottesfeld, J. Serach, M. Wilson, J. Rishpon “Thin-layer Composite Enzyme Electrodes for Glucose Determinations” Electroanalysis, 7, 1035, (1995).
42. X. Ren, T. A. Zawodzinski, F. Uribe, H. Dai, S. Gottesfeld, “Methanol Cross-Over in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: Comparison of Membrane Transport Rates”, Proceedings 1st International Symposium on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells, Electrochemical Society, Chicago, October 1995.
43. T. Zawodzinski, T. Springer, F. Uribe, and S. Gottesfeld, "Characterization of Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cell Applications," Solid State Ionics 60, 199 (1993).
44. J. Rishpon, S. Gottesfeld, C. Campbell, J. Davey, and T. A. Zawodzinski, "Amperometric Glucose Sensors Based on Glucose Oxidase Immobilized in Nafion®," Electroanalysis, 6, 17, (1994).
45. Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Charles Derouin, Susan Radzinski, Ruth J. Sehrman, Van T. Smith, Thomas E. Springer, and Shimshon Gottesfeld, “Water Uptake by and Transport Through Ionomeric Fuel Cell Membranes,” J.Electrochem.Soc. 140, 1041, (1993).
46. Thomas A. Zawodzinski Jr., Shimshon Gottesfeld, Molly S. Shoichet, and Thomas J. McCarthy, “The Contact Angle Between Water and the Surface of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Membranes,” J.Appl. Electrochem., 23, 86 (1993).
47. Thomas E. Springer, Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Shimshon Gottesfeld, “Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model,” J. Electrochem.Soc., 138, 2334, (1991).
48. T. A. Zawodzinski, Jr., M. Neeman, L. O. Sillerud, and S. Gottesfeld, “Determination of Water Diffusion Coefficients in Perfluorosulfonate Ionomeric Membranes," J. Phys. Chem., 95, 6040, (1991).
49. S. Gottesfeld, R. E. Anderson, D. A. Baker, R. D. Bolton, K. B. Butterfield, F. H. Garzon, C. A. Goulding, M. W. Johnson, E. M. Leonard, T. E. Springer, and T. Zawodzinski, “Experiments and Nuclear Measurements in Search of Cold Fusion Processes,” The Journal of Fusion Energy, 9, 287, (1990)
50. Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Thomas Springer, John Davey, Judith Valerio, Shimshon Gottesfeld, “Water Transport Properties of Fuel Cell Ionomers,” The Electrochemical Society Proceedings of the Symposium on Modeling of Batteries and Fuel Cells (October 1991).
51. Thomas A. Zawodzinski, Thomas E. Springer, John Davey, Roger Jestel, Judith Valerio, Shimshon Gottesfeld, “A Comparative Study of Water Uptake by and Transport Through Ionomeric Fuel Cell Membranes,” Journal of the Electrochemical Society , 140, 1981, (1993).
52. M. S. Wilson, T. A. Zawodzinski, S. Gottesfeld, J. A. Kolde & B. Bahar (W. L. Gore & Assoc.), “Advanced Composite Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Membranes”, Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells, Electrochemical Society, Chicago, October 1995.
53. T. E. Springer, T. A. Zawodzinski, M. S. Wilson, S. Gottesfeld, “Diagnostic Information from AC Impedance Measurements on Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells”, Proceedings Volume 1st International Symposium on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells, Chicago, IL, October 7 - 13, 1995.
54. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. Kurland, R. A. Osteryoung, “Relaxation-Time Measurements in N-(1-Butyl)Pyridinium Aluminum-Chloride Ambient-Temperature Ionic Liquids”, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 91, 962, 1987.
55. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. A. Osteryoung, “The Chemistry of Water in Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids: NMR Studies”, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 193, 116, 1987.
56. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. A. Osteryoung, “Aspects of the Chemistry of Water in Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids: 0-17 NMR-Studies”, Inorganic Chemistry , 26, 2920, 1987.
57. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. T. Carlin, R. A. Osteryoung, “Removal of Protons from Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids”, Analytical Chemistry, 59, 2639, 1987.
58. W. Go, M. Sakai, T. Zawodzinski, J. Osteryoung, R. A. Osteryoung, “Pulse Voltammetric and NMR Investigations of SOCL2 in N, N-Dimethylformamide”, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 92, 6125, 1988. R
59. T. A. Zawodzinski, L. Janiszewska, R. A. Osteryoung, “On the Chemistry of Pyrrole in Room-Temperature Chloroaluminate Melts”, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 255, 111, 1988.
60. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. A. Osteryoung, “1-Methyl-3-Ethylimidazolium Hydrogen Dichloride: Synthesis and Application to the Study of Protons in Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids”, Inorganic Chemistry 27, 4383, 1988.
61. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. A. Osteryoung, “Donor-Acceptor Properties of Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Melts”, Inorganic Chemistry , 28, 1710, 1989.
62. T. A. Zawodzinski, R. A. Osteryoung, “ Oxide and Hydroxide Species Formed on Addition of Water in Ambient-Temperature Chloroaluminate Melts: AN )-17 NMR-Study”, Inorganic Chemistry, 29, 2842, 1990. R